Insect borers of fruit trees (2014)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Insect Borers of Fruit TreesT he immature or larval stages of insects, particularly beetles and moths, that feed on wood rather than leaves or plant juices are referred to as borers.All the woody parts of the tree from the buds and twigs to the trunk and roots are susceptible to borer attack.Most borers are attracted to trees that are weakened through drought, injury or disease, but some borer species can successfully attack healthy, vigorous trees.Once borers have infested a tree, they can be difficult to control.Insecticidal sprays can be successful only if they are applied to the tree when the adult borers are active and laying eggs.Consequently, the proper timing of insecticide sprays is crucial for effective chemical control of borers.This guide describes the biology and control of some of the more commonly occurring insect borers known to attack fruit and many species of shade trees in Missouri. Flatheaded appletree borer Chrysobothris femorata (Olivier) -Coleoptera: BuprestidaeHosts.The flatheaded appletree borer is a very common borer that occurs throughout the United States and most of Canada.It attacks fruit trees, such as apple and pear, and a wide variety of shade and forest trees, such as oak, maple, poplar, elm, sycamore, walnut and hickory.Damage.The bark over infested areas often is dead and dark-colored.Young trees can be girdled and killed, and larger trees can be seriously injured through the loss of large portions of bark.This borer can be very destructive to newly planted trees and trees stressed by drought or other factors.Biology.The adult beetle is about 0.5 inch long, oval and flattened, and can have a metallic green-copper color.The body is very blunt at the head and tapers to a rounded point at the posterior end.Adults typically begin emerging in May and egg-laying can continue from June to September.Hence, larvae of varying sizes may be found throughout the summer.Adults are sun-loving insects and can be found in greatest numbers on the sunny sides of trees or logs.Eggs typically are deposited under bark scales or in bark crevices on the south and west sides of the main trunk and larger branches.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.171 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".