Interaction of level ice with upward breaking conical structures at two scales
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Observations from centrifuge modeling are compared with those made in the field of a series of ice-structure interaction events at the Confederation Bridge crossing the Northumberland Strait in eastern Canada in March 2001. Past work has shown that ice forces on upward breaking conical structures scale in the centrifuge and this was confirmed by the tests discussed in this paper. An investigation of the process of ice rubble accumulation was conducted in parallel with the force scaling study. Ice rubble accumulations are of interest because of correlation between these events and force maxima. Following the centrifuge modeling program, ice rubble accumulations were analyzed using thin sectioning. The processes of level ice failure and rubble accumulation have been observed to be similar in freshwater centrifuge tests and the accumulation have been observed to be similar in freshwater centrifuge tests and the field. Fracture mechanics has been found to be the theory that most consistently explains the occurrence of ice rubble accumulations in both the field and the centrifuge.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".