Modernizing Households: Gender and Consumption in Chile 1959 – 1973. The Promotion, Sale, and Acquisition of Household Appliances
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This research focuses on the promotion, sale, and access of household appliances in Chile during the 1960s. It asks how the promotion and access of household appliances was and how that promotion was gendered. It argues that the promotion of modern goods was crucial to national plans for modernization and democracy. Politicians, state agents, intellectuals, the national industry, national sellers, and advertisements agencies promoted the modernization of households across social classes through a gendered lens. Despite the revolutionary tone and measures of the Eduardo Frei and Salvador Allende governments, patriarchal assumptions about the division of labor in society persisted in the modernization of households. Promoters of consumption viewed women as housewives and consumers without challenging the notion that women’s main role was housework and family care. Thus, the modernization of Chilean households aimed to avoid anxieties regarding women’s liberation in relation to housework and the family. Lower and middle-class consumers had access to modern appliances such as washing machines, sewing machines, and televisions during the 1960s in Chile. Consumers interpreted the consumption of these goods in ways that diverged from the dominant narrative. Interviews revealed that women and men challenged the portrayal of housewives as the primary desire for such appliances and husbands as the buyers. This research relies on various written documents from the government, the Chilean press, political memoirs, and academic publications. It also examined visual sources such as advertisements, comics, and pamphlets, as well as interviews. Additionally, some quantitative evidence was considered in parallel with the qualitative evidence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".