Parti Pris? Minority Representation in Québec Provincial Politics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Are minorities well represented in the Québec provincial legislature? Looking at the 2003 and 2014 elections and their related 2001 and 2011 electoral maps, this study demonstrates that in spite of improved minority participation and representation, most minority groups face obstacles in formal provincial politics. Québec’s electoral map disadvantages diverse urban areas with consequences for the total number of ridings where minorities are numerous enough to influence the outcome of the election. Ridings where the visible minority population exceeds 35% are minimally three times more likely than other ridings to have a PQ or CAQ/ADQ visible minority candidate, however, few minority PLQ/QLP candidates run in ridings with large minority populations. Parties seldom nominate minority candidates in safe ridings and minorities are less involved in left-leaning Québec nationalist parties. The representation of all visible minority groups, and increasingly Quebecers of British descent, are the most undermined by these patterns.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.040 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".