The role of animal and plant protein foods in Canadian sustainable diets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) from the food system are projected to exceed global scientific targets for climate change.However, the impact of animal and plant protein foods on a combination of nutrition, health, and climate outcomes in the context of Canadian self-selected diets is not known.The objectives of this dissertation were four-fold: 1) to assess usual protein intake, inadequacy, and the contribution of animal and plant-based sources to nutrient intakes in Canadian diets; 2) to quantify the carbon footprint of Canadian diets and to compare intake of food groups, nutrients, and diet quality between low-and high-GHGE diets; 3) to conduct a systematic review of studies that modeled replacements of animal with plant protein foods in self-selected diets on diet-related GHGE, nutrition, and health outcomes; and 4) to model the impact of partial substitutions of red and processed meat or dairy with plant protein foods in Canadian diets on nutrient inadequacy, health, and diet-related GHGE. Methodology:In Manuscripts 1, 2, and 4, we utilized the dietary data of non-pregnant and nonlactating adults ≥19 y with a 24-h recall from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) -Nutrition.In Manuscript 1, we estimated usual protein intakes and inadequacy among Canadian adults and used population ratios to determine the contribution of animal and plantbased foods to intakes of protein, nutrients, and energy.In Manuscript 2, we linked GHGE estimates for food commodities from the database of Food Impacts on the Environment for Linking to Diets and food loss estimates from Statistics Canada to foods and beverages reported in the CCHS to quantify the carbon footprint of Canadian self-selected diets.Low-and high-GHGE diet respondents were compared in terms of their consumption of animal and plant-based foods, intake of nutrients of concern (calcium, vitamin D, iron, potassium) and to limit (sodium, saturated fat, sugars), and diet quality (Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010).In Manuscript 3, replacements of animal with plant protein foods on diet-related GHGE in combination with nutrition or health outcomes (Chapter 5).While existing systematic reviews have focused more broadly on theorical optimized diets, we focused instead on self-selected dietary intake and simple food substitutions that are likely more feasible than the complete uphauling of dietary patterns.To assess the practical implications of CFG's protein recommendations, we modeled partial replacements of animal with plant protein foods in individuals' diets on nutrition, health, and climate outcomes (Chapter 6).While previous modeling studies have combined animal protein foods or used surrogate measures of diet healthfulness, our manuscript explored the impacts of substituting either red and processed meat or dairy with plant protein foods on a unique combination of diet sustainability dimensions.Taken together, the results of this dissertation provide a comprehensive overview of the role of animal and plant protein foods in regional self-selected diets as a baseline with which to gauge the changes necessary for addressing human and planetary health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".