Reproductive Choices and Unilateral Obligations: A Problem for Globalists
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A Problem for Globalism -I -At the heart of some of the most heated recent controversies about international justice is the question whether sharing political institutions makes a principled difference to our duties of distributive justice.Do we have more exacting duties toward fellow citizens than toward foreigners? 1 Or do we have fundamentally the same obligations toward all persons regardless of where they are?Many writers defend the latter alternative.They concede that there are pragmatic reasons for helping fellow citizens above foreigners-doing so is often easier and hence a better use of our limited resources.But as a matter of principle, they insist, shared citizenship makes no difference whatsoever to our duties of distributive justice: these are owed equally to all human beings as such.Call this outlook globalism. 2 Other writers maintain that at least some duties of distributive justice are essentially dependent on the presence of full-blown political institutions. 3 Some believe that this is the case for all our duties of distributive justice-that no such duty obtains outside the state-but most adopt a more nuanced stance. 4 They grant that we have some minimal duties of distributive justice toward all 1 Here and throughout I use the term "citizen" in the broad sense that has become customary in the literature on international justice, to refer to all those who live regularly under common political institutions (and thus to include permanent residents). 2 Globalism, it should be clear, is one of the views that go under the banner of cosmopolitanism.But cosmopolitanism comes in different flavors.Some cosmopolitans think that the presence of institutions makes a difference to our duties of distributive justice, but deny that we should focus on full-blown political institutions such as characterize the modern state (see e. g.Beitz 1979; Pogge 1989 and 2002).Others-the ones I call globalists-think that duties of distributive justice in all their forms follow from the demands that individuals place on one another independently of any institutional setting.I am mainly concerned with the latter view.3 By "full-blown political institutions," I simply mean the kind of institutions that make up the modern state.There are also political institutions at the international level, but the extent of their power is much more modest. 4 Proponents of the more extreme view include Thomas Nagel (REF) and Samuel Freeman (2007, chap.8 and 9).Proponents of the moderate view include Michael Blake, David Miller and Richard Miller (REFS).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".