Recent Advances in Membrane-Coated Micro/Nanomotors in Biological Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Kaiting Zhao,1,* Jia Xu,2,* Wei Song,3 Jie Cheng,3 Abdullah Al Mamun,3 Yingfeng Tu,4 Jian Xiao,5 Shuanghu Wang,3 Ning Zhang1 1Department of Emergency, The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lishui University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000 People’s Republic of China; 3Key Laboratory of Joint Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Disease and Liver Cancer of Lishui, The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lishui University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China; 4School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China; 5Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Shuanghu Wang, Key Laboratory of Joint Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Disease and Liver Cancer of Lishui, The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lishui University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-18957091837, Email wangshuanghu@lsu.edu.cn Ning Zhang, Department of Emergency Medicine, The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lishui University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-18957090930, Email starstar314@163.comAbstract: The integration of synthetic micro/nanomotors (MNMs) with natural biomaterials derived from cell membranes has emerged as a highly promising strategy for advancing biological applications. The membrane-coated MNM offers distinct advantages over earlier MNMs dependent on chemical fuels such as hydrogen peroxide, which were prone to poor biocompatibility and harmful byproducts. These include enhanced biocompatibility, immune evasion via natural membrane surfaces, multifunctionality for drug delivery, self-propulsion in complex environments, self-degradation to reduce residual toxicity and inherent imaging capabilities enabling real-time tracking. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the integration of various types of micromotors with natural cell membranes commonly present in the circulatory system. Additionally, it summarizes the methodologies for the preparation, characterization and functional evaluation of biofilm-modified micromotors. The present article also critically examines current developments in biofilm-modified micromotors, addressing their challenges and limitations in enhancing clinical efficacy and facilitating transition to clinical trials in humans. Keywords: micro/nanomotors, nanodrugs, membrane-coated, self-propulsion, drug delivery
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".