Sources of inocula of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in the European honeybee and their seasonal patterns in Québec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Noseomsis of the European honeybee, Apis mellifera L., is caused by two species of Microsporidia: Nosema ceranae and N. apis. Both species infect primarily the midgut of adult honeybees and have been reported as the third major cause of honeybee losses in Canada. Despite their importance few studies have examined their epidemiology. The current study monitored both species using duplex quantitative Real-Time PCR to determine the seasonal patterns, and potential transmission sources (glands and hive debris) in naturally infected hives from June 2008 to July 2010. Seasonal patterns of both Nosema species differed throughout the years with N. ceranae displacing N. apis. Results also demonstrated the presence of both species in glands suggesting that gland secretions may transmit the parasites. Hive debris and frass also contained spores suggesting that it may transmit the parasites and that bees need not be killed to determine if a hive is infected.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".