Sources of inocula of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in the European honeybee and their seasonal patterns in Québec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Noseomsis of the European honeybee, Apis mellifera L., is caused by two species of Microsporidia: Nosema ceranae and N. apis. Both species infect primarily the midgut of adult honeybees and have been reported as the third major cause of honeybee losses in Canada. Despite their importance few studies have examined their epidemiology. The current study monitored both species using duplex quantitative Real-Time PCR to determine the seasonal patterns, and potential transmission sources (glands and hive debris) in naturally infected hives from June 2008 to July 2010. Seasonal patterns of both Nosema species differed throughout the years with N. ceranae displacing N. apis. Results also demonstrated the presence of both species in glands suggesting that gland secretions may transmit the parasites. Hive debris and frass also contained spores suggesting that it may transmit the parasites and that bees need not be killed to determine if a hive is infected.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".