Synthesis and characterization of purely sulphonated and composite membranes for high temperature fuel cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fuel cell technologies have developed high interest due to their ability to provide energy in an environmentally friendly method. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM-FCs) require a PEM for use, where the most accepted PEM used today is Nafion. Nafion is ideal due to its chemical durability and high proton conductivity however it is highly expensive and limited to 80??C during operation. To target these issues two methods have been developed. One was to synthesize a new membrane material to replace Nafion based upon sulphonated polysiloxanes and the other was to improve Nafion by synthesizing a composite. Both of these methods involved the sulphonated silane 2-4-chlorosulphonylphenethyltrimethoxysilane. Methods to characterize membranes to observe their properties compared to Nafion were thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (used to determine proton conductivity) and fuel cell performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".