In vivo and In vitro digestibility of different novel canola protein concentrates developed by solid state fermentation technique in Rainbow Trout <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The need to reduce fishmeal use and improve feed efficiency in salmonid nutrition has created a major challenge of developing novel feed ingredients for aquafeeds. One sustainable approach to deal with this challenge is producing renewable concentrated proteins using plant proteins. Canola meal is the second most grown plant protein source after soybean meal and accounts for about 13% of the world production of protein meals (253.27 mt) in 2010-2011. Solid state fermentation is an environmentally friendly bio-processing method for producing concentrated plant proteins. The aim of the current study was to investigate in vivo and in vitro apparent digestibility (AD) of canola protein concentrates produced using solid state fermentation technology in rainbow trout. The fermented canola protein concentrates produced by Neurospora sitophila (107 spore/g; FCPC) and Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus (106 and 107 spore/g; FCPC1 and FCPC2, respectively) were included in experimental diets (consisting 30% of each ingredient and 70% basal diet). Rainbow trout (initial weight, 29.52.8 g) were held in a recirculation system (3 tanks per treatment, 30 fish per 120-l tank). Culture conditions (T, 170.3C; pH, 7.00.15; DO, 7.70.16 mg O2/l; photoperiod, 12L:12D) were regulated based on the optimum ranges reported for salmonids with a daily water exchange rate of 10%. To measure AD the experimental diets were fed to satiation for 9 days. Faeces were then collected over a 7 day period in a Guelph system and freeze dried. After anesthetizing the fish with clove oil (100 ppm), the pyloric caeca (15 fish per treatment) were collected, homogenized with distilled water (1:5 w/v) and then centrifuged (13000 g, 20 min at 4C) for enzyme extraction at -80C.In vivo ADs of dry matter (92.05%), crude protein (87.03%) and gross energy (88.47%) of FCPC2 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of FCPC1 (74.45, 72.37 and 71.74%) and FCPC (77.86, 73.22 and 75.15%), respectively. In vivo ADs of sulfur amino acids (methionine and cysteine) (92.55%) and lysine (94.65%) of FCPC2 were significantly (P<0.05) higher than other concentrates. In vitro ADs of dry matter (68.16%), crude protein (70.46%) and gross energy (65.24%) of FCPC were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of FCPC1 (49.93, 54.34 and 51.0%). There were significant (P<0.05) regressions (R2=82.4-85.5) between in vivo and in vitro ADs for dry matter, crude protein and gross energy. Differences among ADs may be related to the metabolism rate of fungi leading to over bio-processing of nutrients and the production of unknown compounds competing with amino acids during intestinal absorption and interfering with their absorption.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".