UNIVERSAL CHILD CARE AND ITS EFFECT ON DIVORCE AND SEPARATION: A STUDY OF QUÃBECâS 5 DOLLAR-A-DAY CHILD CARE PROGRAM
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper looks at the effects of a policy change that Canada’s second largest province implemented. In 1997, Québec chose to implement a 5 dollar-a-day child care program to make access to child care more affordable for individuals in the province. The policy was successful in increasing the female labour force participation (Lefebvre and Merrigan 2008), but studies have shown that there have been negative indirect effects of the policy implementation as well. Baker et al. (2008) show the negative effects of the policy on the behaviour and development of children as well as the lower-quality parental relationships. This paper finds a relationship between the policy change and the divorce and separation rates in the province of Québec. A difference-in-differences approach is used to compare Québec with the rest of Canada and the results show a statistically significant increase in the divorce rate after the policy implementation in Québec.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".