The burden of pneumococcal disease in the Canadian population before routine use of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In the United States, implementation of the 7-valent conjugate vaccine into childhood immunization schedules has had an effect on the burden of pneumococcal disease in ail ages of the population. In order to evaluate the impact in Canada, it is essential to have an estimate of the burden of pneumococcal disease before routine use of the vaccine. METHODS: The incidence and costs of pneumococcal disease in the Canadian population in 2001 were estimated from various sources, including published studies, provincial databases, and expert opinion. RESULTS: In 2001, there was an estimated 565 000 cases of pneumococcal disease in the Canadian population, with invasive infections representing 0.7% of cases, pneumonia 7.5%, and acute otitis media 91.8%. There was a total 3000 deaths, mainly as a result of pneumonia and largely attributable to the population > 65 years of age. There was 54 330 life years lost due to pneumococcal disease, and 37 430 quality-adjusted life years lost due to acute disease, long-term sequelae and deaths. Societal costs were estimated at $193 million, with 82% borne by the health System and 18% borne by families. Invasive pneumococcal infections represented 17% of the costs, and non-invasive infections represented 83%, with approximately half of the latter proportion attributable to acute otitis media and myringotomy. CONCLUSION: The burden of pneumococcal disease before routine use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was significant in ail age groups of the Canadian population. This estimate will provide a baseline for further analysis of the direct and indirect impacts of the vaccine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".