The association of the FMRFamide-related peptide family with the heart of the stick insect, Baculum extradentatum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Amanda Calvin, Angela B LangeDepartment of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, CanadaAbstract: The neural anatomy of the heart of the Vietnamese stick insect, Baculum extradentatum consists of a dorsal vessel with lateral cardiac nerves containing cardiac neurons. It also has nerve projections from the segmental nerves. Some of the nerve processes pass over the alary muscles. Multiple pairs of bipolar neurons with axons in the segmental nerve lie on the dorsal diaphragm either side of the heart. FMRFamide-like immunoreactive staining is present in the peripheral nervous system, including the nerve branches from the segmental nerve that project to the heart. Immunoreactive processes are present over the incurrent and excurrent ostia of the heart and in the lateral cardiac nerves, cardiac neurons and in the paired bipolar neurons. SchistoFLRFamide, a myosuppressin, has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on dorsal vessel contraction. The minimum sequence required for inhibition was examined using truncated peptides, and found to be HVFLRFamide. The truncated peptide VFLRFamide showed activity reversal, being slightly stimulatory. The nonpeptide, benzethonium chloride, mimicked the effects of SchistoFLRFamide. The localization of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity within the innervation to the heart, coupled with the cardioinhibitory effect of SchistoFLRFamide, suggests a possible role for this family of peptides as neuromodulators in the cardiac musculature in B. extradentatum.Keywords: dorsal vessel, peptide, immunohistochemistry, SchistoFLRFamide, cardiac neurons, excurrent ostia
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".