Changing Origins of Metropolitan Chicago's Foreign-Born Population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This map shows the dramatic shifts in world migration patterns to metropolitan Chicago that have widened the region's diversity of foreign-born residents. In 1910 the area was already a multicultural region, with more than 900,000 residents born in foreign countries. They came overwhelmingly from Europe, with Germans the largest single group. The region was also home to almost 38,000 Canadian-born residents. Only a handful of Chicagoans came from Asia or Latin America. By 1990, metropolitan Chicago drew from around the globe. The region had more residents born in Latin America than Europe, almost as many from Asia, and thousands from Africa and the Caribbean. Mexicans now formed the largest single group. This cartogram is based on census data and reflects official nation-state designations. For example, Poland was not an independent country in 1910. Similarly, in 1990 the Soviet Union still existed, though some of its constituent parts (such as Lithuania) had already broken off. As a result, country data in some cases may not be comparable.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.086 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".