11. Cowboys and Indians (Sitting Bull)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Andy Warhol (1928 - 1987), American\nCowboys and Indians (Sitting Bull), 1986\nScreen Print on Lenox Museum Board \nExtra, out of edition, designated for research and education purposes only\nGift of The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts\nCollection of La Salle University Art Museum, 13-G-3573\nKnown as the “Pope” of Pop Art, Andy Warhol is admired for his fun, bright, colorful images that blur the boundaries between high and low art, fine art and commercial illustration. Obsessed with celebrity and consumer culture, Warhol represented the rich and famous, including popular and political icons from Marilyn Monroe and Elvis Presley to Chairman Mao and Sitting Bull. Sitting Bull was a Teton Dakota Indian Chief known for his bravery in battle and his leadership role in attacks on U.S. forts in the West. His resistance to the U.S. government led him to exile in Canada and eventual relocation to a reservation in the Dakota Territory. Later, in the 1880s, after befriending Annie Oakley, Sitting Bull joined Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show. Sitting Bull lent these spectacles of “Cowboys and Indians” an exotic element as well as an aura of authenticity. In 1890, U.S. officials ordered his arrest for his involvement with the Ghost Dance resistance ceremony. When Sitting Bull refused, a skirmish ensued, and he was killed by U.S. officers.\nSitting Bull is one of 10 screen prints from Warhol’s Cowboys and Indians series. Portraits of Annie Oakley, Teddy Roosevelt, General George Custer, and others are included in this collective mythology of the historic American West. As with other representations of cultural icons, Warhol does not portray a naturalistic representation, but rather a flattened, hard-edged, vibrant image that emphasizes the artifice and construction of identity, and the stereotypes that proliferate through mass media and popular culture.\nIn a course titled Art and Identity in a Global World, students observe various artworks in the Art Museum that portray Native American people, history, and culture. Students are asked to contemplate how these artworks foster conversations about authenticity, cultural appropriation, Other/Othering, hybridity, stereotypes/typecasting, and dislocation. How does Warhol portray Sitting Bull? Do you think this is an “authentic” or “stereotypical” portrayal of Sitting Bull? Does Warhol challenge and expose the controversies surrounding our perception of Native American Indians, or contribute to the sentimentality of the romanticized “Wild West”?\nMey-Yen Moriuchi, Ph.D.\nAssistant Professor of Art History, Department of Art\nBroader Identity 1. Understanding Diverse Perspectives \nEffective Expression 9. Creative and Artistic Expression \nActive Responsibility 11. Cultural and Global Awareness and Sensitivity \nSee this object in the Art Museum Online Collections Database:\nhttp://artcollection.lasalle.edu/Obj959
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".