Benthic habitat mapping of an Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) refuge, Smith Sound, Newfoundland, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
After the northern cod collapse, a surviving component of this stock took refuge in Smith Sound, a sub-arctic Newfoundland fjord. While benthic habitats used by recovering fish populations can provide important ecological services, habitats within this refuge have not been mapped. This study mapped Smith Sound’s benthic habitats using Van Veen grab and videos samples of the seafloor. Habitats were mapped by combining ground truthing data with multibeam bathymetry terrain derivatives using a Maximum Likelihood Classifier. Eight habitats were observed and mapped with an overall map accuracy of 84.76% (Kappa 80.40%). Multiple habitats were observed that could be linked to cod ecology and services of an ecological refuge. Known spawning areas were characterised predominantly by Sandy Mud habitat, bordered by Small Boulders and Gravel habitats. Sub-optimal habitat consisted of Gravelly Muddy Sand with Small Boulders, bordered by Large Boulders. The habitats were linked to cod ecology providing shelter, sustenance and opportunities for reproduction, all services required by a refuge.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".