Characterizing the Deformation Field in Afar from Radar Interferometry and Topography Data
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This project’s objective is to map surface deformation over the Afar Depression since 1997 in real time to characterize fault behavior and contribute to the current repertoire of knowledge surrounding rifting processes. The Afar Depression is a broad extensional region in Eastern Africa, where the diverging boundaries have not yet achieved connection, so extension is distributed across developing arrays of faults and fractures. There has been generally limited attention from previous studies on the amount of divergence accommodated by distributed extension resulting from the transmission of tectonic forces applied to boundaries, in tangent with limited geodetic coverage and observations. To understand the mechanical processes underlying rift evolution, the current strain rate of the crust and its character over time throughout the Afar Depression must be understood in relation with the distribution of Quaternary faulting and rifting. To study the present-day deformation field, we use the technique of Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) — a method to measure ground deformation in map — with a dense archive of SAR data from two satellite missions: the Canadian Space Agency's (CSA) C-band RADARSAT-1 and the European Space Agency's (ESA) C-band Sentinel-1 missions. The mm/year resolution of InSAR time series measurements allows us to detect and monitor deformation throughout the Afar Depression in between events as large and fast as significant earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and also as small and slow as small dike intrusions over multiple decades. Using this data, we have modelled multiple discrete faulting events which were not captured before in the geodetic nor seismological record. Finally, to constrain the long-term extension rate and the distribution of extension across the Arabia-Somalian plate boundary, we compiled a detailed estimate of cumulative extension and vertical throw by measuring faults across the plate boundary using a high-resolution German Aerospace Center (DLR) TanDEM-X Digital Elevation Model (DEM).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".