Canada's <i>Foreign Enlistment Act</i> and the Spanish Civil War
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada was officially neutral in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939); yet nearly 1700 Canadians fought for the Spanish Republic. The Communist Party of Canada (cpc) recruited the bulk of the volunteers. While many in the Canadian left supported the Republican cause, others were alarmed by the involvement of communists in the Republican government and the cpc's role in the recruiting. This tension seemed particularly pronounced between English and French Canada. Québec Premier Maurice Duplessis called upon the federal government to bring the recruiting to an end and to eradicate communism in general. Prime Minister Mackenzie King and his Québec lieutenant and Minister of Justice, Ernest Lapointe, introduced a Canadian Foreign Enlistment Act in response. The statute targeted the cpc in its capacity as a recruiting apparatus (versus targeting the volunteers), and had the added benefit of "Canadianizing" and improving on the existing British statute. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police conducted investigations and warrants for arrest were issued, but the war in Spain was over before the arrests were made. Ultimately, no one was prosecuted under the Foreign Enlistment Act and its record in preventing recruiting is dubious. RÉSUMÉ: Le Canada était officiellement neutre dans la Guerre civile espagnole (1936-1939), mais près de 1700 Canadiens se sont battus pour la République espagnole. Le Parti communiste du Canada a recruté l'essentiel des bénévoles. Alors que beaucoup de Canadiens ont soutenu la cause républicaine, d'autres ont été alarmés par la participation des communistes au gouvernement républicain et le rôle du Parti communiste du Canada dans le recrutement. Cette tension semble particulièrement marquée entre l'anglais et le français au Canada. Le premier ministre du Québec, Maurice Duplessis, a demandé au gouvernement fédéral de mettre fin au recrutement et d'éradiquer le communisme en général. Le premier ministre du Canada, Mackenzie King, et son lieutenant du Québec et ministre de la Justice, Ernest Lapointe, ont présenté la Loi sur l'enrôlement à l'étranger canadienne en réponse. La loi visait le Parti communiste du Canada en sa qualité d'appareil de recrutement (par rapport au ciblage des bénévoles) et avait l'avantage supplémentaire de « canadianiser » et d'améliorer la loi britannique existante. La Gendarmerie royale du Canada a mené des enquêtes et des mandats d'arrestation ont été délivrés, mais la guerre en Espagne était terminée avant l'arrestation. En fin de compte, personne n'a été poursuivi en vertu de la Loi sur l'enrôlement à l'étranger et son dossier pour empêcher le recrutement est douteux.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".