Determining the natal origin of beach versus demersally reared larval capelin, Mallotus villosus, off the northeast Newfoundland coast using otolith chemical signatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Identifying the natal origin of fish is important to understand connectivity among populations. Capelin, Mallotus villosus, is a key forage fish species that spawns at beach and deep-water habitats along the Newfoundland coast. I investigated the ability to identify the natal habitat of larval capelin using otolith chemical signatures quantified via LA ICP-MS. Otolith signatures of larvae reared under identical conditions were highly variable and classification into treatments was low (~50%). To investigate whether maternal investment was responsible for this variability, artificially fertilized eggs were reared under controlled treatments. Otolith signatures reliably classified individuals into families with high success (83.4%), suggesting maternal investment may confound our ability to identify natal origin. Eggs incubated in water enriched with 137Ba revealed trace elements from the environment are being incorporated into developing otoliths. These findings suggest moderate-high differences in water chemistry and environmental conditions are required to identify the natal origin of capelin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".