The effects of Hydroxypropyl-??-Cyclodextrin on the American Flagfish (Jordanella floridae) over one complete life-cycle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding the impacts of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) on aquatic ecosystems is an important issue in aquatic toxicology. Many PPCPs have been shown to cause effects on aquatic biota within detected environmental ranges. One compound of particular interest is hydroxylpropyl-??-cyclodextrin (HP??CD), the active ingredient in Febreeze??, and widely used for many applications. HP??CD is amphiphilic, toroidal in shape, and able to form non-covalent inclusion complexes with a variety of guest molecules. HP??CD has been shown to reduce volatility as well as improve the aqueous solubility of apolar guest compounds. As such, the use of HP??CD in the pharmaceutical and personal care industry has dramatically increased. With increasing potential for entering the environment through wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, HP??CD poses an unknown risk to non-target aquatic biota. As a result, a 145-day chronic full life-cycle exposure using American flagfish (Jordanella floridae) was completed using flow-through concentrations of 0 (control), 5, 16, 50,160, 500, and 1600 ??g/L of HP??CD maintained via a peristaltic pump. No significant differences were observed in growth, condition factor (K) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) when chronically exposed to HP??CD (P ??? 0.05). A significant increase in female gonadosomatic index (GSI) occurred in those exposed to HP??CD (P ??? 0.05). A reduction in the time to reach steady-state spawning occurred at 1600 ??g/L of HP??CD, while an increase in the total number of days eggs were laid was observed at 16, 160, and 1600 ??g/L of HP??CD (P ??? 0.05). A temporary reduction in offspring total length occurred at 21 days post hatch at 5, 16, 50, 160, and 500 ??g/L of HP??CD (P ??? 0.05). Finally, larval offspring from parents exposed to HP??CD showed a moderate 3-fold decrease in tolerance to acute copper toxicity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".