El descenso secular de la fecundidad en España
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th \ncentury, fertility decline was a generalized process in most European \ncountries, which Spain joined with some delay. Catalonia was the first \nterritory to initiate the decline in fertility, but Madrid, Galicia and some \nnorthern provinces were also relatively early in adopting the new patterns. In the last quarter of the century, a generalized and very rapid decline \nin fertility began in the country: from 2.78 children per woman in 1975 to \n1.25 in 2001. \nFamily formation strategies and family size have varied according to \nthe socioeconomic situation. Although they have been present at all times, today the labor market and access to housing are mainly mentioned as relevant obstacles to starting a family and having children. \nThe aim of this paper is to describe the territorial differences in fertility \nin Spain during the 20th century, as well as showing the different impact \nthat marital, non-marital and nuptial fertility have had on the levels and \nevolution of fertility.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".