fMRI responses to first- and second-order modulations of visual textures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The world around us contains a variety of visual information, both first-order (luminance-defined) and second-order (defined by characteristics other than luminance). Previous studies suggest that the human visual cortex employs distinct mechanisms for segregating regions whose borders are defined by modulations of first- and second-order properties. This study uses a new approach of human psychophysics and fMRI experiments to explore the brain responses to both first-order and second-order (orientation, spatial frequency and contrast) texture borders. The results reveal differential activation among these modulations both in known retinotopic areas and in higher occipital/parietal regions. Orientation modulated textures elicit significantly different responses compared to modulations of other properties; whereas spatial frequency and contrast modulated textures produce similar responses. These findings suggest that higher visual cortical areas are heavily involved in texture processing, with a functional dissociation between segregating textures with modulations of (a) orientation, (b) spatial frequency or contrast and (c) luminance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.040 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".