The impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) on Cape Breton Island’s bald eagle (Haliaeetus ieucocephalus) population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 2022 Nova Scotia was subjected to a widespread outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus.The eastern region of the province experienced extreme numbers of infected Northern Gannets washing up along the coastlines of Cape Breton Island.The outbreak occurred during the Bald Eagle breeding season, late May into early June, in Cape Breton.HPAI is spread through ingestion or contact with bodily tissues and fluids, posing a risk for species that scavenge on carcasses.Bald Eagles are carrion feeders and favour easily accessible and ample food sources.Bald Eagles foraged on diseased carcasses of Northern Gannets during the spring and summer of 2022, raising concern for the impact HPAI would have on the Island's eagle population.This study aimed to (1) determine if nesting activity was lower across the Bald Eagle population of Cape Breton Island in the breeding season following a significant HPAI outbreak and (2) determine if Bald Eagle nests with a foraging range that overlapped with marine coastline had lower rates of active nests when compared to nests where foraging ranges did not overlap.Overall there was a lower number of active Bald Eagle nests across Cape Breton Island in 2023 when compared to 2022.There was no significant correlation between foraging range overlapping with Northern Gannet carcass availability and nest status.This research has the potential to inform management decisions surrounding Bald Eagles in Nova Scotia and provides a baseline evaluation of the regional Bald Eagle population response following a major disease outbreak.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".