Impacts of geomagnetic storms on trans-Canadian grids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Impacts of Geomagnetic storms on Trans-Canadian GridsInduced "dc" currents due to geomagnetic storms have caused power system blackouts and transformer damages in the past. Statistically, large geomagnetic storms follow a 10-11 year sunspot cycle, but geomagnetic disturbances with significant impacts can occur at any time. The geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) have wide range of detrimental effects on otherwise normal operation of power systems, communication systems, railway systems, and can cause oil and gas pipeline corrosion. This thesis presents a method of estimating the magnitudes of terrestrial voltages; which is based on solving the magnetic diffusion equation. The method predicts the oft-quoted figure of "1 volt per kilometer" for the range of geomagnetic field variations (magnitudes and frequencies) and ground resistivity frequently encountered. The prediction formula has been validated by the plane wave method. Geomagnetic storms have the tendency to disrupt the normal operation and even lead to major power outages depending upon the intensity of geomagnetic activity; whereas the major effects include transformer equipment damage, relay tripping, SVC failures resulting in minor or major power outages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".