Is the association between sleep and internalizing symptoms mediated by student and parent-related pressures?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: Inadequate sleep has been afforded relatively little attention, despite known declines over adolescence, a critical period for the onset of mental ill-health. There remains a need for population-level longitudinal studies to better understand links with internalizing symptoms and in managing relevant pressures among adolescents. We examined the bidirectional relationships between sleep and depression and anxiety symptoms, and whether the relationships are mediated by school- and parent-related pressures. Measures: We used 2-year linked prospective data from 25,722 Canadian secondary school students that participated in the COMPASS study in the 2017-18 and 2018-19 school years. Path analysis models tested autoregressive and cross-lagged relationships between sleep duration and depression and anxiety symptoms. Bootstrap method of indirect effects was used to test school and parent pressures as mediators. Results: Results supported the hypothesized bi-directional relationships between sleep duration and depression and anxiety symptoms across one year. Shorter sleep predicted greater internalizing symptoms, and vice versa. In females, both parental and school pressures mediated the association between sleep duration and depression and anxiety symptoms, and in the reverse direction, parental but not school pressures mediated the association between depression and sleep. In males, school pressures mediated the association between sleep and depression symptoms. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into the nature and directionality of associations between sleep and internalizing symptoms over time and differences by sex. Results further strengthen calls that short sleep should be taken seriously. Interventions promoting regular sleep schedules in adolescence may help mitigate risk for stress-related psychopathology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".