La sostenibilidad del sistema de pensiones en España. Efectos de las últimas reformas y riesgos asociados al envejecimiento demográfico.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
La población española es una de las más envejecidas del mundo y a consecuencia de ello, el sistema de pensiones contributivas español está atravesando una situación complicada. Las reformas de 2011 y 2013 basadas en medidas que atrasan y dificultan el acceso a la jubilación, a la vez que aminoran el importe inicial de las pensiones, han permitido disminuir la brecha existente entre los ingresos y gastos destinados a ellas. Sin embargo, a pesar de tales reformas, el fuerte impacto que tiene el factor demográfico en el gasto dificulta la sostenibilidad del sistema de pensiones en el medio plazo y lo hace inviable en el largo. Por ello, resulta imprescindible adoptar medidas complementarias a las existentes, como por ejemplo políticas de creación de empleo y de mejoras en la productividad, crear incentivos para aumentar la natalidad y la llegada de población inmigrante, destinar mayor volumen de ingresos a la financiación de los gastos o promover un sistema de capitalización que complemente al sistema actual.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".