Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the rise in hydraulic fracturing applications over the past decade, the market availability of proppants plays a more significant role in the global oilfield economy. As a result, the demand for commercially manufactured proppants is increasing, fueling the construction of new production facilities around the world. Currently, there are only a few numbers of well-known suppliers of manufactured proppants that dominate the business globally. This project aims to study the properties and characteristics of Malaysia local sand for possible use as proppant specifically local sand resourced from Sarawak area. Quality silica sand from certain areas of the Sarawak state was identified in order to collect the sample. This project includes the study on the recent development of proppant characteristics of local sand as compared to the commercial sand as the Ottawa and Brady sand. It is mostly known characteristic of proppant is its conductivity. Generally, the properties of the proppant which affect its conductivity are mainly roundness, size distribution, resistance to crush under the influence of closure stress, grain-size distribution and proppant density. These properties will be tested in the laboratory in compliance with the International Standard Organization (ISO 13503-2 and ISO 13505-5) for commercial proppant. The results obtained from the analyses will be compared to the existing sand based proppant in the market.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".