Maternal smoking during pregnancy: An environmental factor indexing a more homogenous subgroup of ADHD
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurobehavioral disorder with a complex etiology implicating both genetic and environmental factors.Although it is now established that multiple genes are involved in ADHD, no single risk gene has been identified.Furthermore, several environmental factors, such as maternal smoking, alcohol use, and stress during pregnancy, have been consistently associated with this disorder.This thesis will describe how maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) is indexing a more homogenous subgroup of ADHD children.By studying behavioral and neurocognitive characteristics in these children, we found that exposure to MSDP is associated with a form of ADHD characterized by more severe clinical manifestations and poorer neuropsychological performance.Subsequently, we stratified children with ADHD by MSDP to investigate the implication of candidate genes in increasing the risk for ADHD.This strategy allowed the uncovering of differential associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the norepinephrine transporter gene (SLC6A2) and a number of endophenotypes in patients according to their exposure to MSDP.Finally, we used comorbidity as a tool to investigate several SNPs identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of smoking behavior, a phenotype comorbid with ADHD.These SNPs were investigated in relation to ADHD diagnosis, as well as behavioral and neurocognitive traits relevant to x ADHD, and we found that an allele of rs1329650 may be increasing risk for ADHD and smoking behavior through a common mechanism.This work identifies a phenotypic signature associated with MSDP that may help to identify a more homogenous subgroup of children with ADHD and highlights significant associations between the SLC6A2 gene and ADHD in children exposed to MSDP.Moreover, this is the first report of SNPs identified through GWAS of smoking behavior shown to be tentatively associated with ADHD.xi
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".