03. NI, PNI, and Quasi PNI: Tagalog and the Typology of Incorporation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We propose a preliminary typology of NI, PNI, Quasi PNI languages, re-examining data on pseudo noun incorporation (PNI) in Tagalog (Starr 2015; Barrie and Kim 2018).We show that nominals case-marked with ng have some typical PNI properties.In particular, these forms exhibit low scope and number neutrality; however, they are case marked and exhibit free movement.We suggest an analysis which we dub internal restructuring.Like (P)NI, functional material is removed from the nominal, but from the middle rather than from the top.We offer some tentative suggestions on the semantics of structural Case (or lack thereof) and how quasi PNI has the semantics of PNI without the syntactic properties of PNI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".