Bibliographic record
Abstract
The English language has undergone many variations, leaving uncountable dialects in every nook and cranny of the world.Located at the north-east of Canada, the island of Newfoundland presents one of those dialects.However, within the many varieties the English language features, Newfoundland English (NE) remains as one of the less researched dialects in North America.The aim of this paper is to provide a characterisation of NE.In order to do so, this paper focuses on research questions on the origins of the dialect, potential variation within NE, the languages it has been in contact with, its particular linguistic features and the role of linguistic distinction in the Newfoundlander identity.Thus, in this paper I firstly assess the origins of NE, which are documented to mainly derive from West Country, England, and south-eastern Ireland, and I also provide an overview of the main historical events that have influenced the language.Secondly, I show the linguistic variation NE features, thus displaying the multiple dialectal areas that are found in the island.Furthermore, I discuss the different languages that have been in contact with the variety, namely, Irish Gaelic and Micmac, among others.Thirdly, I present a variety of linguistic features of NE -both phonetic and morphosyntactic-that distinguish the dialect from the rest of North American varieties, including Canadian English.Finally, I tackle the issue of language and identity and uncover a number of innovations and purposeful uses of certain features that the islanders show in their speech for the sake of identity marking.I conclude this overview of the variety of English spoken in Newfoundland by revisiting some of the aspects that are still pending of further research if we are to understand both this minority variety and its sociolinguistic situation better.Among these pending issues, I mention that the role of language contact in the formation of NE is yet to be investigated, and the differences between the dialectal areas of the island are also to be further documented.Additionally, future research could focus on the changes NE has undergone -or is most likely to undergo-with the territory's newfound role as a tourist destination.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".