Out-sourcing of work in Germany’s forestry : rural social structure and identity in transformation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Beginning in the 1920s, work in Germany’s forests was re-organized following the principles of Taylor and of modern industrial work. The main type of work since then was the employed, wage-earning forestry worker, organized in a union and hierarchically controlled. Selfemployed forestry contracting and timber harvesting as part-time occupation of farmers only played a minor. This situation changed in the 1990s with a steady increase in the out-sourcing of forestry work and the drastic reduction of wage-earning personnel in the state forests. As reasons for this development, the “neo-liberal turn”, the decentralization of work and a stronger market orientation of politics (and also of the state-owned forests) as well as new technical developments all can be named. Nowadays, owners and employees of small forestry contracting enterprises account for at least a quarter of the work force in Germany’s forestry. These enterprises are increasingly becoming professionalized and losing their links to agriculture and small-scale forestry, which is exemplary for a rural identity in transformation. As part of the BMBF funded project WALD (Wald / Arbeit / Land / Dienstleistung – Forests / Work / Rural Areas / Services), the working and living conditions in these micro-enterprises as well as the context in which they work were studied, combining in-depth qualitative interviews with statistical data. Inter alia, findings include a turn from social and regional integration of the work to a growing importance of market relations, a market position between forest owners and wood and paper industries resulting in an often exploitative situation, and, last but not least, the diffusion of sub-contracting even into small family enterprises. On the other hand, rural traditions of work still resonate with these enterprises.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".