Phase Dependent Variation in the Reflectivity of Kuiper Belt Object 2002 MS4
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) are the newly-discovered solar system objects located beyond the orbit of Neptune. Observations and study of the KBOs are vital to understanding the origin and evolution of our solar system. The KBO 2002MS4 is a large KBO, dwarf planet, and is my research focus. In order to study the phys- ical properties, I used archival observations from the 3.6 m Canada-France Hawaii Telescope on Maunakea in Hawaii, combined with observations from the New Hori- zon spacecraft, to derive 2002 MS ’s rotational period and phase function. I find 4 that this object does not have an obvious opposition surge and that the phase coeffi- cient / geometric albedo correlation of 2002 MS4 is inconsistent with the correlation expected for C-type asteroids, casting doubt on the concept that C-type asteroids originated in the Kuiper belt. Using occultation observations, obtained at Anarchist Mountain Observatory, I determine an estimate of the minimum size of 2002 MS4 of D > 820±20km, consistent with other occultation measurements of D = 800±20km. This size is smaller than that derived from thermal observations where 2002 MS4 is modeled as a zero-spin body. The reasonable resolution of this result is that 2002 MS4 has a thermal inertia that must be included in its thermal model, which is left for future work.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".