Quaternary ammonium salt hydrates: a new ionic former for structure-H clathrate hydrate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ionic clathrate hydrates are known to form numerous clathrate structures by the enclathration of either the cations or anions in cages and the incorporation of the counterions into the water framework. Due to the ionic species included in the hydrate phase, ionic clathrate hydrates not only show many peculiar features such as metal ion encagement and superoxide ion generation but also exhibit notable physicochemical properties such as outstanding ionic conductivity and thermal stability. Thus, the ionic clathrate hydrates are considered for their potential applicability in various fields, including those that involve solid electrolytes, gas sensors, and energy storage. In this study, we report a new ionic former of structure-H (sH) hydrate. Diethyldimethylammonium hydroxide (Et2Me2NOH) CH4 hydrate was synthesized and its crystal structure was identified. From Raman spectroscopy, it was found that the material synthesized contained at least one or more phases besides pure CH4 structure-I (sI) hydrate. Solid-state high-power 1H decoupled 13C NMR spectroscopy indicated the presence of sH and sI hydrates and this was verified by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The sH hydrates are commonly more stable than other structures thus, the present findings on the ionic sH clathrate hydrate might suggest a new important approach for improving the stability of ionic clathrate hydrates for their practical applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".