Savings for the Poor: The Hidden Benefits of Electronic Banking: A Review and Response
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fairness in meeting the financial needs of the poor and working poor is a matter of great current interest to financial services firms, regulators and advocates for the poor.The issue manifests itself in the public domain in two distinct ways: (i) legislative and regulatory action regarding predatory lending; 1 and (ii) congressional proposals to use public funds to create incentives for financial institutions to provide services to people and communities in need However the fairness issue is addressed, its gravamen is that the poor and working poor do not have adequate access to financial services.To the extent that such persons have access to financial services, it is at a price that is substantially greater than the price for wealthier persons.This issue remains in the public arena nearly a quarter of a century after the adoption of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (CRA), which was enacted to address the credit needs of low and moderate income communities?If the fairness issue, in its various manifestations, is
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.021 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".