A Suitable Population: British Columbia's Japanese Treaty Act Litigation, 1920-1923
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the early 1920s, the courts of British Columbia, the Supreme Court of Canada and the\nJudicial Committee of the Privy Council considered a series of constitutional challenges\nto a British Columbia law requiring the provincial government to discriminate against\nJapanese and Chinese persons in the making of government contracts. The attack on\nthis racially-motivated law was founded on the 1911 Treaty of Commerce and\nNavigation between the United Kingdom and Japan, under which Canada was bound\nto respect the right of the Japanese Empire’s subjects “equally with native [British]\nsubjects, to carry on their commerce and manufacture, and to trade in all kinds of\nmerchandise of lawful commerce”. Some of British Columbia and Canada’s best-known\nadvocates argued these cases. The decisions they produced addressed important and still\nrelevant questions about the relationship between international and domestic law,\nthe Crown’s treaty power and Canadian federalism. These cases are remarkable early\ninstances of Canada’s international obligations being invoked by litigants to challenge\ndomestic law.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.031 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".