Studies related to the chemistry and environmental persistence of methoxychlor and its derivatives / by James Paul Vukmanich. --
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An Investigation of some of the chemical and biological \nfactors Influencing the environmental fate of methoxychlor \n( 1 , 1, 1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-methoxyphenyl) ethane) has been \nconducted. \nMethoxychlor is an organochlorine insecticide which \nis used extensively in Canada and has been proposed as a \npotential DDT replacement. It has been reported in the literature that methoxychlor exhibits a low toxicity towards most \nmammals and is also partially degraded by these organisms. \nAlthough much information exists on the interaction of this \ninsecticide with higher animals, less information is available \non the interaction between this compound and organisms at \nlower tropic levels, especially the microorganisms. Methoxychlor, because of its use as a larviclde in and around natural water systems, has the potential to interact directly with nontarget \naquatic biota. Therefore an investigation concerning \nthe interaction between methoxychlor and aquatic microorganisms \nwas initiated. The microorganisms chosen for this study were \ncommon species of green algae, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and \nChlorella vulgaris. The biological effects of methoxychlor \nhave been studied in vitro using axenic cultures of the test \nalgae . \nKnown metabolites and derivatives of methoxychlor \nrequired for this study were synthesized. The extensive modification of the literature methods for the preparation of \nthese compounds has resulted in improved yields and purer products for virtually all compounds synthesized. The \nsynthesis of 1-monochloro-2,2-bis (p-hydroxyphenyl) ethylene, \na known methoxychlor metabolite, has been developed and \nalmost completed. The synthesis of this compound has not \nbeen reported in the literature before. The product of the \npreviously reported base-promoted rearrangement of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-hydroxyphenyl) ethane has been identified and \na mechanism for its formation postulated. \nAlso, to aid in the selection of solvents used for \nthe extraction of the polar metabolites of methoxychlor from \naqueous samples, the p-values (ie. extractability) and solubilities (in water and organic solvents) of these compounds have been determined. \nThe toxicity of methoxychlor and hydroxychlor (1,1,1- \ntrichloro-2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethane) towards both \nspecies of algae was assessed. Although both species are \ntolerant of relatively high concentrations of these compounds, \nthe hydroxy analogue was much more toxic than the parent \ninsecticide. Growth rate studies revealed that both methoxychlor and hydroxychlor had little effect on the overall growth \nof Chlorella pyrenoidosa, The growth of Chlorella vulgaris \nwas however, significantly depressed by methoxychlor, while \non the other hand hydroxychlor stimulated the growth of this alga. Recovery experiments indicated that the uptake of \nmethoxychlor and hydroxychlor by Chlorella pyrenoidosa is \nmainly due to physical adsorption. In the case of Chlorella \nvulgaris very little of the added methoxychlor could be recovered. Recovery experiments conducted with Chlorella vulgaris and hydroxychlor suggest that at least some of this compound is reductively dechlorinated by this organism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".