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Record W7071960791

Valutazione neuroanatomica di tronchi nervosi di interesse anestesiologico nel cane

2016· article· it· W7071960791 on OpenAlexaboutno aff

Bibliographic record

VenueElectronic Theses and Dissertations Repository (University of Pisa) · 2016
Typearticle
Languageit
FieldMedicine
TopicPain Mechanisms and Treatments
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsCitrus fruitSugar canePopulation
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

INTRODUZIONE. Gli anestetici locali sono molecole che bloccano l’insorgenza e la propagazione del potenziale d’azione lungo le fibre nervose. Il loro meccanismo d’azione si esplica attraverso il blocco dei canali del sodio a controllo di voltaggio, che nelle fibre mieliniche sono localizzati esclusivamente nei punti dove la guaina mielinica si interrompe, cioè a livello dei nodi di Ranvier. È solo a questo livello che l’assolemma è esposto all’ambiente extracellulare, e, quindi, possono instaurarsi le variazioni ioniche tra il compartimento interno ed esterno in grado di produrre un potenziale d’azione. Studi su nervi sciatici di rane hanno dimostrato che per ottenere un buon blocco nervoso è necessario bloccare almeno 3 nodi di Ranvier con l’applicazione di alte concentrazioni di anestetico locale. Per ottenere tale risultato è stato considerato sufficiente esporre non meno di 2 cm di nervo all’azione dell’anestetico. OBIETTIVO. Determinare la lunghezza degli spazi internodali dei nervi radiale, mediano, ulnare, sciatico, femorale nella specie canina, valutando anche la presenza di fattori in grado di influenzare la lunghezza degli internodi. MATERIALI E METODI. I nervi sono stati prelevati da 6 cani (2 Labrador, 2 Rottweiler, 1 meticcio, 1 Border Collie), di età compresa fra 1 e 14 anni, e peso compreso fra i 15 kg e i 43 kg. I nervi sono stati fissati in formalina, colorati con soluzione alcolica satura di Sudan Black e successivamente dissociati per ottenere fibre singole. Le fibre sono state osservate al microscopio ottico e sono stati misurati gli internodi e i diametri. I risultati sono stati analizzati con metodi statistici. RISULTATI. La lunghezza internodale media varia da 595 µm a 1636 µm. È stata osservata correlazione tra il diametro della fibra nervosa e la lunghezza dell’internodo. Le misurazioni hanno messo in evidenza, sebbene le differenze non siano risultate sempre statisticamente significative, che la lunghezza internodale media tende a incrementare dal soggetto giovane al soggetto adulto, per poi decrescere nel soggetto anziano. Inoltre nel soggetto adulto la correlazione tra diametro della fibra nervosa e lunghezza internodale tende ad essere più stretta rispetto al soggetto giovane. Lo studio tende a indicare che esiste anche una correlazione fra il peso dei soggetti e la lunghezza degli spazi internodali. CONCLUSIONI. Lo studio ha messo in evidenza che nel contesto dello stesso tronco nervoso, benché la lunghezza internodale sia, in media, pari a circa 1 mm, esiste una notevole variabilità, dal momento che la distanza tra due nodi di Ranvier dipende dal diametro della fibra nervosa, ma anche dall’età e dal peso del soggetto. Pertanto, l’esposizione all’anestetico locale di 2 cm di nervo risulta essere sufficiente per garantire la copertura di 3 nodi di Ranvier durante l’esecuzione di un blocco nervoso periferico nel cane. INTRODUCTION. Local anesthetics are drugs able to block the generation and propagation of the action potential along nerve fibers by inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels. In myelinated fibers, these channels are located in the nerve tracts where the myelin sheath is interrupted, the so-called nodes of Ranvier. At this level the axonal membrane is exposed to the extracellular environment, and so only in these tracts the ionic variations which produce action potential and its propagation can occur. Experimental studies on frogs showed that three nodes of Ranvier represent the minimal nerve length exposure necessary to block the impulse nerve transmission. On the base of these observations, it has been demonstrated that the exposure to the anesthetic of at least 2 cm of nerve is enough to ensure the conduction block. AIM. The purpose of this study was twofold: to determine the internodal length of radial, ulnar, median, sciatic and femoral nerve in the dog, in order to establish the minimal exposure length to achieve an effective peripheral nerve block; to evaluate the presence of individual factors that could influence the internodal length. MATERIAL & METHODS. Nerve were sampled during necropsy of neurologically normal animals from 6 dogs (2 Labradors, 2 Rottweilers, 1 mixed-breed, 1 Border Collie), aged from 1 to 14 years and weighted from 15 to 43 kg. Samples were formalin-fixed, stained in a saturated Sudan Black alcohol solution, and then individual fibers were isolated by stereomicroscopic visualization on a glass slide and fine needle dissection. Internodal spaces and fiber diameters were measured by morphometry and analyzed with statistical methods. RESULTS. Mean internodal length varied between 595 µm and 1636 µm. There was a positive correlation between fiber diameter and internodal length. Measurements showed, although differences were not always statistically significant, that mean internodal length tended to increase in relation with age, and eventually decreased in elderly dogs. The correlation between fiber diameter and internodal length was stronger in adult dogs than in older and younger. This study tended to indicate a correlation between weight and internodal length. CONCLUSIONS. This study showed that within the same nerve trunk there was a considerable variability in length, although the mean internodal length was about 1 mm. Indeed the internodal length depends on the fiber diameter, the age, and the weight of the dog. Therefore, an exposure length of 2 cm is likely sufficient to ensure the inactivation of three nodes of Ranvier during a peripheral nerve block.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.785
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.009
GPT teacher head0.217
Teacher spread0.208 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations0
Published2016
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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