Water safety awareness, swimming ability and drowning prevention behaviour in Malaysian adolescents:: a sex-based analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study explored water safety awareness, swimming ability and drowning prevention behaviour among Malaysian ado-lescents aged 13-17. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 525 secondary school students (278 boys and 247 girls) from five regions in Malaysia. Data collected through a self-administrated online survey (modified water safety and drowning prevention ques-tionnaire) using Google Form. Both sexesdemonstrated similar awareness levels of drowning dangers identification and water safety tasks and rules. Most of the respondents were categorised as non-swimmers. Notably, 57% of them could not swim while a quarter could swim less than 50 meters. Only 17% claimed adequate swimming ability. Boys demonstrated significantly higher swimming ability compared to girls, though girls reflected better safety practices with a lower risk in swimming: alone/unsupervised, in prohibited areas and in unknown water depth. These findings provide additional knowledge in educational policies to develop impactful lifelong drowning prevention programs in Malaysia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".