Isotopic characterization of nitrate, ammonium and sulfate in stack PM2.5 emissions in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stable isotope techniques may be a suitable tool for tracing industrial emissions in the atmosphere and the environment provided that the isotopic compositions of industrial emissions are distinct. We determined the isotopic compositions of nitrate, ammonium and sulfate in PM2.5 emitted from two industrial stacks at a large upgrader site in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR), northeastern Alberta, Canada, and compared them to the nitrogen and sulfur isotopic compositions of source materials and upgrading by-products. We found distinct isotopic compositions of nitrate and ammonium in PM2.5 compared to those reported for atmospheric nitrate and ammonium in the literature. Nitrate in PM2.5 had d15N values of 9.4& (Stack A) and 16.1 1.2& (Stack B) that were significantly enriched in 15N compared to the feedstock materials (w2.5&), by-products of upgrading (0.3e1.3&), and atmospheric N2 (0&). d15N of ammonium in PM2.5 showed a large range with values between 4.5 to þ20.1& (StackB). We report the first measurements of the triple oxygen isotopic composition of industrial emitted nitrate. Nitrate emitted as PM2.5 is not mass-independently enriched in 17O resulting inD17O ¼ 0.5 0.9& (Stack B) and is therefore distinct from atmospheric nitrate, constituting an excellent indicator of industrial derived nitrate. d18O values of nitrate in PM2.5 (36.0 and 17.6 1.8& for Stack A and B, respectively) were also significantly lower than d18O values of atmospheric nitrates and hence isotopically distinct. d34S values of sulfate in PM2.5 were with 7.3 0.3& (Stack A) and 9.4 2.0& (Stack B) slightly enriched in 34S compared to d34S in bitumen (4.3 0.3&) and coke (3.9 0.2&). d18O values of sulfate in PM2.5 were 18.9 2.9& and 14.2 2.8& for Stack A and Stack B, respectively. The isotopic composition of sulfate in PM2.5 was not sufficiently different from d34S and d18O values of sulfate in longrange atmospheric deposition in industrial countries to serve as a quantitative indicator for industrial emitted PM2.5.We conclude that d18O and D17O values of nitrate in stack-emitted PM2.5 are excellent, and d15N values of nitrate and ammonium are suitable indicators for identifying and tracing of PM2.5 nitrate and ammonium emitted from two stacks in the AOSR in the surrounding terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".