Dynamics of telomere length and mitochondrial DNA content in a cohort study of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected pregnant women and cell culture models
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Globally, women constitute around 50% of HIV-infected individuals. While mother-to-child transmission accounts for 90% of new HIV infections among children, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) reduces the risk from 25% to <2%. Treatment guidelines now promote lifelong cART for all persons living with HIV. This implies that more women will be conceiving on cART and exposing their unborn child over a longer period. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors can have off target effects. These drugs can inhibit reverse transcriptase activity of telomerase, which could lead to a shortening of leukocyte telomere length (LTL). LTL has been described as a marker of cellular aging and a predictor of age-related diseases over time. Several antiretrovirals (ARVs) can exert mitochondrial toxicity, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. The overarching hypothesis of my research was that LTL and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content would be affected by cART in the clinical and cell culture samples. I measured LTL in blood samples collected from 64 HIV-infected and 41 HIV-uninfected women at three visits during pregnancy using monochromatic multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction. CART treatment status during pregnancy was not associated with shorter LTL. However, smoking throughout pregnancy and receiving a boosted protease inhibitor regimen were independently associated with shorter LTL among HIV-infected women. Whether these reflect telomere attrition or redistribution of cellular subsets is unclear. In clinical studies, it is challenging to distinguish between the effects of HIV vs. those of cART. I used cultured placental and T-lymphoblast cells to study the changes in mtDNA content following either short term exposure to individual ARVs at increasing concentrations, or longer-term exposure (21 days) to cART regimens at 1×Cmax, (maximum concentration) prior to returning the cells to cART-free medium for ten more days, to allow recovery/repair. Most ARVs and cART studied here induced increased mtDNA content, postulated to reflect mitochondria biogenesis in response to cellular stresses and/or damage, something that could promote the clonal expansion of mtDNA mutations. However, changes in mtDNA content in response to ARV exposure can be both bidirectional and cell-specific; and appear to be reversible. Mitochondria morphological changes were suggestive of increased mitophagy to preserve mitochondrial health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".