C<sub>41</sub> methyl and C<sub>42</sub> ethyl alkenones are biomarkers for Group II Isochrysidales
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alkenones are polyunsaturated long-chain methyl or ethyl ketones produced by species in the Isochrysidales, an order of haptophyte algae. Based on phylogenetic data, members of the Isochrysidales have been classified into three groups with each group showing significant differences in alkenone profiles and preferred growth environments. Common carbon chain lengths of alkenones range from 37 to 40. Extended C<SUB>41</SUB> methyl (C<SUB>41</SUB>Me) and C<SUB>42</SUB> ethyl (C<SUB>42</SUB>Et) alkenones have been reported in hypersaline lakes in China (Lake Alahake and Lake Balikun), Canada (Lake Snakehole) and marine sediments (e.g., ∼95 Ma in Blake-Bahama Basin). It is unclear, however, if these extended alkenones are produced by one or more groups of Isochrysidales. Here, we systematically examined alkenones from cultures of Group II (<i>Isochrysis nuda, Isochrysis litoralis, Ruttnera lamellosa, Isochrysis galbana and Tisochrysis lutea</i>) and Group III (<i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> and <i>Gephyrocapsa oceanica</i>) Isochrysidales and environmental samples of Group I Isochysidales. C<SUB>41</SUB>Me and C<SUB>42</SUB>Et alkenones were found in all Group II species with <i>Isochrysis nuda</i> producing the highest percentages, but not in alkenones produced by Group I nor Group III Isochrysidales. Our results indicate that extended C<SUB>41</SUB>Me and C<SUB>42</SUB>Et alkenones are specific biomarkers for Group II Isochrysidales. We also report the first temperature calibrations of alkenones for <i>Isochrysis nuda</i> and <i>Isochrysis litoralis</i> using culture experiments, and find temperatures inferred from extended alkenones in Balikun and Alahake surface sediments match warm-season temperatures based on <i>Isochrysis nuda</i> calibrations, which is further corroborated by genomic data indicating the dominance of <i>Isochrysis nuda</i> Isochrysidales..
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".