Pan-Arctic weather data set from publicly available in situ measurements from 1990-2023
Bibliographic record
Abstract
These datasets are collected from publicly available in situ measurements of 36 ground and surface climatic variables from 16 different data sources, focusing on the period 1990-2023, but with some sources providing data much further back in time (early 1900s). The variables collected are: Air temperature, Snow depth, Precipitation, Longwave Incoming radiation, Longwave Outgoing Radiation, Shortwave Incoming Radiation, Shortwave outgoing radiation, Relative Humidity, Surface temperature (below the snow), Soil temperature at the depths 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 90, 110, 140, 150 and 200 cm and Soil moisture (vol%) at depths 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 80 cm. The data set consists of 719 unique locations in total, with data coverage varying between sites and over time. It is available in two versions: In the first 'raw' version, data was restructured and reformatted from each original source into a common format, but was not tested for quality. In the second, Quality Checked version, the data set has additionally been run through a five-module Quality Check involving 1) removing common error values, 2) evaluating physically impossible values, 3) outlier-detection and evaluation, 4) unit conversions and 5) evaluation of likely instrument and/or calibration artifacts. The code for import, normalization and quality check with optional modules is made available in addition to the data and metadata. When using the data, the original data source should always be cited (found in readme and metadata document). Abbreviations used: AWI: Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam; CALM: Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring through Arctic Data Center; CEN/Nordicana: Center for Northern Studies, Canada; FMI: Finnish Meteorological Institute; GEM: Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring; IARC: International Arctic Research Center, Fairbanks, US; NGEE: Next Generation Ecosystem Experiments, Fairbanks, US; NMI: Norwegian Meteorological Institute; SILA/Nordicana: SILA Network at Center for Northern Studies, Canada; SMHI: Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute; WMO: World Meteorological Organization via Meteostat.net; DMI: Danish Meteorological Institut; NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".