Invasive chain pickerel in Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site: population description, effects on native fish assemblages, and spawning timing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chain pickerel Esox niger Lesueur, 1818, is an invasive freshwater fish found in Nova Scotia, Canada. Chain pickerel was illegally introduced to Nova Scotia in the 1940s in Digby County, because of its popularity as a sport fish. Through natural movement and subsequent illegal introductions, Chain pickerel has spread across Nova Scotia, being recorded in 166 waterbodies as of 2020. In 2018, Chain pickerel was first discovered in Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site (hereafter “Kejimkujik”). Since the initial invasion, Chain pickerel has successfully spread throughout Kejimkujik. With each passing year, prior to and over this study period, the abundance, body lengths and weights of Chain pickerel continue to increase and demonstrate a successful establishment in Kejimkujik.Over the course of a four-year monitoring period for this present study, a decrease in the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of native fishes has been observed. When comparing early-invaded with late-invaded lakes, early-invaded lakes were found to have significantly lower CPUE compared to late-invaded lakes. As the abundance of native fishes began to decrease, Chain pickerel shifted diets from primarily piscivorous to an increased importance in invertebrates.A primary spawning period of Chain pickerel has been identified using trends in GSI, oocyte development and observed spawning behaviour. Spawning occurs from late March to mid-April in Kejimkujik. Evidence of a second, less intensive, fall spawning period was also found.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".