Spatial ecology, behaviour and critical winter habitat of the endangered ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea) in the Canadian high Arctic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea) is an endangered seabird that spends its entire year in the Canadian Arctic environment. In the past three decades, threats from various sources have contributed to an apparent >70% decline in the breeding population. As outlined in the Canadian ivory gull recovery strategy, information on annual movements is critical to obtain information of where and when they move as well as how they use these sites during breeding and non-breeding seasons. In 2010, satellite transmitters were attached to 12 ivory gulls on Seymour Island, NU providing up to four breeding seasons of tracking data. This is the first quantitative, multi-year tracking study conducted for the ivory gull in Canada, analyzing annual movements, distribution and critical habitat. Analysis of migratory behaviour revealed great individual variation of fall migratory route selection (with the surprising observation that the Greenland coast was not used), where travel was slow. In spring, gulls migrated quickly back to the breeding area using only Davis Strait. Data from Norwegian ivory gull satellite tracking as well as a Canadian at-sea seabird observation database were used to augment data from Canadian ivory gull satellite tracking data, with the goal of comparing winter distributions of ivory gulls from different populations and through time. Kernel density estimates (KDE) suggested that Davis Strait is critical winter habitat for Canadian and international populations. On average, Canadian ivory gulls preferred ≥50% sea ice concentration and were rarely found out over open water. Sea ice plays a large role in both migratory movements as well as determining winter habitat for this species. In winter, ivory gulls likely use breeding hooded seals (Crystophora cristata) as a main food source and by association follow and scavenge from polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in Davis Strait. I recommend that this area be considered for critical habitat and consequently protected for the ivory gull (both Canadian and international birds) for the monitoring and recovery of this endangered species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".