Investigating the effects of lead fishing gear on a freshwater snail (Planorbella pilsbryi) using a multigenerational and multi-omic approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lead (Pb) angling gear is frequently lost in aquatic environments and is increasingly recognized as a concern by regulatory agencies globally. While Canada banned Pb-based gear in National Parks in the 1990s, the European Chemicals Agency is now proposing broader restrictions. Despite assumptions that Pb fishing gear can transform into dissolved Pb2+ in water, this has yet to be directly measured and assessed. The toxicity of lead salts, such as lead nitrate, has been extensively studied over the past several decades; however, it remains uncertain whether lead fishing gear poses a similar level of toxicity. Freshwater snails like Planorbella pilsbryi, sensitive indicators and key components of aquatic food webs, are ideal for assessing contaminant impacts due to their short generation times. Additionally, multigenerational exposure to contaminants is seldom considered in toxicity assessments, and the mechanisms underlying toxicity from lead fishing gear remain poorly understood. Metabolomic and lipidomic analyses provide insight into the biochemical pathways that may be disrupted in adult snails exposed to lead fishing gear. This study aimed to determine the environmental impact of lead fishing gear through the following objectives: (i) assess the multigenerational toxicity of lead fishing gear to P. pilsbryi, and compare to the toxicity of lead nitrate; (ii) identify mechanisms of lead toxicity through metabolomic and lipidomic analysis; (iii) assess the effect of temperature on the toxicity of lead fishing gear to P. pilsbryi embryos. P. pilsbryi embryos were 2x more sensitive to lead fishing gear than equivalent concentrations of lead nitrate, and the second generation of embryos following parental exposure to lead were 2x more sensitive to lead than those that came from unexposed parents. Elevated sensitivity from fishing gear compared to lead nitrate likely stems from the presence of additional metals such as cadmium, copper, and zinc leaching from the gear. Metabolomic and lipidomic analyses revealed disruptions in amino acid metabolism (e.g., tyrosine, proline, arginine, cysteine) and in pathways related to metal ion, amine, and organic acid transport. This study offers foundational insight into the risks associated with lead fishing gear and generates data that can inform potential future regulations on its use globally.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".