Turbulence characteristic evolution in jets interacting with viscoplastic fluids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We experimentally study the dynamics of a horizontal jet of a Newtonian fluid injected into a viscoplastic ambient fluid (Carbopol gel) to simulate jet cleaning in plug and abandonment operations of oil and gas wells. The jet flow is analyzed using high-speed imaging, planar laser induced fluorescence, and time-resolved tomographic particle image velocimetry techniques to capture concentration and velocity fields with high spatial and temporal resolution. By varying the Reynolds and Bingham numbers, we analyze three recently identified flow regimes, i.e., mixing, mushroom, and fingering, focusing on their mixing index, velocity fields, fluctuation intensity, half-radius, vorticity, Reynolds stresses, probability density functions, and statistical moments (skewness and kurtosis). In the mixing regime, velocity and vorticity symmetry, axisymmetric mixing, and dominant axial Reynolds stresses align with Newtonian empirical correlations. The mushroom regime shows slight asymmetry, reduced mixing from turbulence suppression by yield stress, and moderate turbulence, while the fingering regime features pronounced asymmetry, erratic fluctuations, and suppressed velocity due to viscoplastic resistance. Self-similarity analysis of velocity, concentration, and Reynolds stress profiles confirms strong scaling in the mixing regime, partial scaling in the mushroom regime, and deviations in the fingering regime, where viscoplastic effects disrupt jet structure and turbulence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".