Anisotropic electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)/polycarbonate urethane scaffolds with improved fatigue performance for tissue-engineered heart valves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• PCL/PCU scaffolds (75 %PCL-O) with oriented fibers have been fabricated for TEHVs. • 75 %PCL-O scaffolds show native valve-like anisotropic mechanical properties. • 75 %PCL-O scaffolds are biocompatible and can guide cell alignment along fibers. • The 75 %PCL-O valve demonstrates good hemodynamic property and fatigue durability. In this study, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and polycarbonate urethane (PCU) were used to fabricate electrospun scaffolds for tissue-engineered heart valves (TEHVs). The PCL/PCU scaffold containing 25 % PCU (named as 75%PCL-O) with oriented fibers exhibited pronounced anisotropy, with elastic moduli of 53.47 ± 0.93 MPa (X-axis) and 4.19 ± 0.70 MPa (Y-axis), and tensile strength of 14.21 ± 1.16 MPa (X-axis) and 1.59 ± 0.09 MPa (Y-axis), respectively, close to native heart valves. The 75%PCL-O scaffold showed good cell viability and guided cell alignment along the fibers, and no obvious hemolysis or thrombus formation. Hydrodynamic tests showed an effective orifice area ( EOA ) of 2.42 ± 0.12 cm 2 and a regurgitant fraction ( RF ) of 5.98 ± 2.31 % for a 25 mm surgical pulmonary valve, meeting the ISO 5840-2 standard. The accelerated fatigue testing demonstrated that the EOA and RF remained stable throughout 50 million cycles. Additionally, finite element analysis (FEA) revealed that mechanical stress concentrated at the free edge for the 75%PCL-O valve leaflet during the opening-closing cycles, correlating well with the observed fiber degradation in these regions during fatigue tests. In summary, the 75%PCL-O scaffold exhibits favorable mechanical performance, good biocompatibility and improved durability, showing great potential for TEHV applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".