A Brief Report of Psychometric Evaluation of the SWEMWBS in Adolescents across 7 Countries: Using MGCFA and IRT
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: This study evaluates the psychometric properties of the Short Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (SWEMWBS) among adolescents from seven culturally and linguistically diverse countries. Method: A total of 4,006 adolescents (ages 11–18) from 18 schools across Bahrain, Canada, Germany, India, Sweden, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates completed the SWEMWBS as part of a school-based wellbeing survey. Participants responded in either English (n = 3,358) or French (n = 648). We examined internal consistency (Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s ω), conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test unidimensionality, evaluated cross-national measurement invariance using multi-group CFA (MGCFA), and applied Item Response Theory (IRT) analyses to assess item discrimination, response thresholds, and measurement precision. Results: The SWEMWBS demonstrated acceptable-to-good internal consistency across all countries (α = .76–.82; ω = .76–.83) and a unidimensional structure with strong model fit (CFI = .983, RMSEA = .065). Full scalar invariance was supported across countries. IRT analyses showed that items 2 ("feeling useful") and 5 ("thinking clearly") offered the highest information, while country-specific patterns suggested subtle differences in item functioning. The test was most informative for adolescents with low-to-average mental wellbeing (θ ≈ −2.5 to +1.5). Intra-class correlation (ICC) indicated minimal school-level clustering (ICC = 0.037). Conclusion: Findings support the SWEMWBS as a reliable, unidimensional, and cross-culturally valid measure of adolescent mental wellbeing. These results provide psychometric justification for its use in global adolescent health research.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it