Sponge shape semi-interpenetrating polymeric networks based on PDMS/CS/PVA/GEN to capture an azo dye
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We have demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining semi-interpenetrating polymeric networks containing PDMS and hybrid hydrogels CS/PVA/GEN produced as sponges. They were intended to capture acid blue 113 (AB113), which was dissolved in water at concentrations of 10, 5, and 2.5 ppm with a pH of 5.8. The chemical stability of the sponges was proved after reusability cycles of AB113 capturing; FT-IR analysis did not reveal any chemical changes or degradation in the sponges after their use as a removal device. Using PDMS in the CS/PVA/GEN blend enhances the sponges’ mechanical response, exhibiting an elastic modulus of 21 $$-$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> </mml:math> 26.7 kPa in the dry state and 15–16 kPa in the hydrated state, respectively. The sponges were able to capture AB113 up to 3 cycles of reuse. The possible mechanisms of AB113 capture include electrostatic attractions, hydrogen bonding (dipole–dipole and Yoshida H-bonding), n- $$\pi$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:math> stacking, and $$\pi$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:math> - $$\pi$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:math> interactions. In the first cycle of capture, the sponges showed capture percentages ranging 76 ± 11% , 79 ± 2%, and 90 ± 1%; however, for the third cycle of capture, their efficiency decreased to 20 ± 3%, 22 ± 1%, and 34 ± 3%, for concentrations of 10, 5, and 2.5 ppm, respectively. Lower concentrations of AB113 implied better removal capacity of the sponges. Our results demonstrated that sponges can potentially remove contaminants such as organic dyes from water. These findings open the possibility of using them to capture other pollutants, such as heavy metals or pesticides that have chemical affinity to the chemical structure of the semi-interpenetrating polymeric network-based PDMS/CS/PVA/GEN sponges. Graphical abstract
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".