Harnessing fuel cell and PVT for cogeneration in buildings: A comparative analysis in different climates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study compares the performance of two hybrid residential cogeneration systems—a photovoltaic–thermal (PVT) system and a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system. Both systems were integrated with a gas boiler under three distinct climatic conditions: Mediterranean (Amman), semi-continental (Toronto), and temperate seasonal (Tokyo). A two-story single-family home with a 4,500 kWh annual energy demand was simulated in Polysun to evaluate primary energy use, CO 2 emissions, and economic feasibility. The SOFC + boiler system achieved the highest energy efficiency and CO 2 reductions across all climates, with primary energy factors exceeding 4.0 in Amman and Tokyo, and 2.57 in Toronto, alongside annual CO 2 savings above 2,500 kg. While less effective environmentally, the PVT + boiler system showed better economic performance, reaching net present values up to $30,765 and generation costs as low as $0.23/kWh. Climate strongly influenced system outcomes: colder climates favored SOFC performance due to higher thermal efficiency, while sunnier climates enhanced PVT output. These findings close a research gap, offering climate-based insights to advance global low-carbon residential energy strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".